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Python Reference Manual Up: Python Documentation Index Next: Front Matter Python Reference Manual Guido van Rossum Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor PythonLabs E-mail: python-docs@python.org June 22, 2001 Release 2.0.1 Front Matter Contents 1. Introduction 1.1 Notation 2. Lexical analysis 2.1 Line structure 2.1.1 Logical lines 2.1.2 Physical lines 2.1.3 Comments 2.1.4 Explicit line joining 2.1.5 Implicit line joining 2.1.6 Blank lines 2.1.7 Indentation 2.1.8 Whitespace between tokens 2.2 Other tokens 2.3 Identifiers and keywords 2.3.1 Keywords 2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers 2.4 Literals 2.4.1 String literals 2.4.2 String literal concatenation 2.4.3 Numeric literals 2.4.4 Integer and long integer literals 2.4.5 Floating point literals 2.4.6 Imaginary literals 2.5 Operators 2.6 Delimiters 3. Data model 3.1 Objects, values and types 3.2 The standard type hierarchy 3.3 Special method names 3.3.1 Basic customization 3.3.2 Customizing attribute access 3.3.3 Emulating callable objects 3.3.4 Emulating sequence and mapping types 3.3.5 Additional methods for emulation of sequence types 3.3.6 Emulating numeric types 4. Execution model 4.1 Code blocks, execution frames, and namespaces 4.2 Exceptions 5. Expressions 5.1 Arithmetic conversions 5.2 Atoms 5.2.1 Identifiers (Names) 5.2.2 Literals 5.2.3 Parenthesized forms 5.2.4 List displays 5.2.5 Dictionary displays 5.2.6 String conversions 5.3 Primaries 5.3.1 Attribute references 5.3.2 Subscriptions 5.3.3 Slicings 5.3.4 Calls 5.4 The power operator 5.5 Unary arithmetic operations 5.6 Binary arithmetic operations 5.7 Shifting operations 5.8 Binary bit-wise operations 5.9 Comparisons 5.10 Boolean operations 5.11 Expression lists 5.12 Summary 6. Simple statements 6.1 Expression statements 6.2 Assert statements 6.3 Assignment statements 6.3.1 Augmented Assignment statements 6.4 The pass statement 6.5 The del statement 6.6 The print statement 6.7 The return statement 6.8 The raise statement 6.9 The break statement 6.10 The continue statement 6.11 The import statement 6.12 The global statement 6.13 The exec statement 7. Compound statements 7.1 The if statement 7.2 The while statement 7.3 The for statement 7.4 The try statement 7.5 Function definitions 7.6 Class definitions 8. Top-level components 8.1 Complete Python programs 8.2 File input 8.3 Interactive input 8.4 Expression input A. History and License A.1 History of the software A.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python Index About this document ... Python Reference Manual Up: Python Documentation Index Next: Front Matter See About this document... for information on suggesting changes.

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