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FreeBSD Developers' Handbook The FreeBSD Documentation Project Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002 by The FreeBSD Documentation Project Welcome to the Developers' Handbook. This manual is a work in progress and is the work of many individuals. Many sections do not yet exist and some of those that do exist need to be updated. If you are interested in helping with this project, send email to the FreeBSD documentation project mailing list <freebsd-doc@FreeBSD.org>. The latest version of this document is always available from the FreeBSD World Wide Web server. It may also be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the FreeBSD FTP server or one of the numerous mirror sites. Table of Contents I. Basics 1 Introduction 1.1 Developing on FreeBSD 1.2 The BSD Vision 1.3 Architectural Guidelines 1.4 The Layout of /usr/src 2 Programming Tools 2.1 Synopsis 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Introduction to Programming 2.4 Compiling with cc 2.5 Make 2.6 Debugging 2.7 Using Emacs as a Development Environment 2.8 Further Reading 3 Secure Programming 3.1 Synopsis 3.2 Secure Design Methodology 3.3 Buffer Overflows 3.4 SetUID issues 3.5 Limiting your program's environment 3.6 Trust 3.7 Race Conditions 4 Localization and Internationalization - L10N and I18N 4.1 Programming I18N Compliant Applications 5 Source Tree Guidelines and Policies 5.1 MAINTAINER on Makefiles 5.2 Contributed Software 5.3 Encumbered Files 5.4 Shared Libraries II. Interprocess Communication 6 * Signals 7 Sockets 7.1 Synopsis 7.2 Networking and Diversity 7.3 Protocols 7.4 The Sockets Model 7.5 Essential Socket Functions 7.6 Helper Functions 7.7 Concurrent Servers 8 IPv6 Internals 8.1 IPv6/IPsec Implementation III. Kernel 9 Bootstrapping and kernel initialization 9.1 Synopsis 9.2 Overview 9.3 BIOS POST 9.4 boot0 stage 9.5 boot2 stage 9.6 loader stage 9.7 Kernel initialization 10 Locking Notes 10.1 Mutexes 10.2 Lock Manager Locks 10.3 Atomically Protected Variables 11 Kernel Objects 11.1 Terminology 11.2 Kobj Operation 11.3 Using Kobj 12 The Jail Subsystem 12.1 Architecture 12.2 Restrictions 12.3 Jail NG 13 The Sysinit Framework 13.1 Terminology 13.2 Sysinit Operation 13.3 Using Sysinit 14 The TrustedBSD MAC Framework 14.1 Synopsis 14.2 Introduction 14.3 Kernel Architecture 14.4 Userland Architecture 14.5 Entry Point Framework 14.6 Userland APIs 14.7 Sample Policy Modules 14.8 System Integration 14.9 Conclusion 15 Virtual Memory System 15.1 Management of physical memory--vm_page_t 15.2 The unified buffer cache--vm_object_t 15.3 Filesystem I/O--struct buf 15.4 Mapping Page Tables--vm_map_t, vm_entry_t 15.5 KVM Memory Mapping 15.6 Tuning the FreeBSD VM system 16 DMA 16.1 DMA: What it is and How it Works 17 Kernel Debugging 17.1 Debugging a Kernel Crash Dump with gdb 17.2 Debugging a Crash Dump with DDD 17.3 Post-Mortem Analysis of a Dump 17.4 On-Line Kernel Debugging Using DDB 17.5 On-Line Kernel Debugging Using Remote GDB 17.6 Debugging Loadable Modules Using GDB 17.7 Debugging a Console Driver 18 * UFS 19 * AFS 20 * Syscons 21 * Compatibility Layers 21.1 * Linux IV. Device Drivers 22 Writing FreeBSD Device Drivers 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Dynamic Kernel Linker Facility - KLD 22.3 Accessing a device driver 22.4 Character Devices 22.5 Network Drivers 23 ISA device drivers 23.1 Synopsis 23.2 Basic information 23.3 Device_t pointer 23.4 Configuration file and the order of identifying and probing during auto-configuration 23.5 Resources 23.6 Bus memory mapping 23.7 DMA 23.8 xxx_isa_probe 23.9 xxx_isa_attach 23.10 xxx_isa_detach 23.11 xxx_isa_shutdown 23.12 xxx_intr 24 PCI Devices 24.1 Probe and Attach 24.2 Bus Resources 25 Common Access Method SCSI Controllers 25.1 Synopsis 25.2 General architecture 25.3 Polling 25.4 Asynchronous Events 25.5 Interrupts 25.6 Errors Summary 25.7 Timeout Handling 26 USB Devices 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Host Controllers 26.3 USB Device Information 26.4 Device probe and attach 26.5 USB Drivers Protocol Information 27 Newbus 27.1 Device Drivers 27.2 Overview of Newbus 27.3 Newbus API 28 Sound subsystem 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Files 28.3 Probing, attaching, etc. 28.4 Interfaces V. Architectures 29 x86 Assembly Language Programming 29.1 Synopsis 29.2 The Tools 29.3 System Calls 29.4 Return Values 29.5 Creating Portable Code 29.6 Our First Program 29.7 Writing Unix Filters 29.8 Buffered Input and Output 29.9 Command Line Arguments 29.10 Unix Environment 29.11 Working with Files 29.12 One-Pointed Mind 29.13 Using the FPU 29.14 Caveats 29.15 Acknowledgements 30 * Alpha 31 * IA-64 VI. Appendices Bibliography List of Tables 10-1. Mutex List 10-2. lockmgr(9) Lock List List of Figures 27-1. driver_t implementation 27-2. Device statesdevice_state_t List of Examples 2-1. A sample .emacs file 27-1. Newbus Methods     Next     Basics This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/. For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <questions@FreeBSD.org>. For questions about this documentation, e-mail <doc@FreeBSD.org>.

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